Hashing is the process of converting data into a fixed string of characters called a hash. Hashing is one-way (cannot be restored to its original form) and is often used to ensure data integrity. For example, when you login to a website, the password you enter is compared to the hash of the password stored in the database. Usage Example: Blockchain (to create unique fingerprints on blocks of data), file checksums, and password storage. Unlike hashing, encryption is the process of converting data into an unreadable format (ciphertext) that can be restored to its original form with a decryption key. It is used to keep data confidential, especially when data is transmitted over a network. Usage Examples: Email security, app communication such as WhatsApp, and online transactions using HTTPS.